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2. Cityprotect.com, 2021, CityProtect. 

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3. Fairfax Network, 2016. GIS: On the Job—Crime Analyst.

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4. ArcGIS StoryMaps, n.d., GIS for Crime Analysis.

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5. Adt.com, 2020, Interactive Crime Maps | ADT Security. 

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6.  NYC.gov, n.d., NYC Crime Map. 

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7. Esri.com, n.d., Crime Analysis | Crime Mapping Software for Law Enforcement. 

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8. Esri.com, n.d., GIS Mapping Software, Location Intelligence & Spatial Analytics | Esri. 

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9. Esri.com, n.d. GIS for Public Safety | Public Safety Mapping Software – Esri.

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10.  Markovic, J & Scalisi, N 2011, 'Full Spectrum Use of GIS by Law Enforcement: It's Not Just About Mapping Crime', National Institute of Justice, Accessed 2 November 2025,

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11.  Reid E. S., Tita G., Valasik M.,2018. The Mapping and Spatial Analysis of Crime. 

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12. Mohammed F,A.,  and Baiee R. W., 2020. Analysis of Criminal Spatial Events in GIS for predicting hotspots. 

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13. Chainey S., 2003. GIS and Crime Mapping. 

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14.  Argun U., 2016. Crime Mapping and Geographical Information Systems in Crime Analysis. [online], 13(1):2208, April.

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15. M. Vijaya Kumar, C. Chandrasekar, 2011. GIS Technologies in Crime Analysis and Crime Mapping.

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16. Altaweel M., 2019. Using GIS to Assess Crime Risk. 

 

17. Geospatial World, 2012, Crime analysis: GIS: A gateway to safe city.

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18. ESDS, Pore M., 2021, Applications of GIS in Crime Mapping.

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19. MDPI, Alina Ristea and Michael Leitner, 2020, Urban Crime Mapping and Analysis Using GIS.

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20. EJISE,  Jorge Ferreira,Paulo Joao,Jose Martins, 2012, GIS for Crime Analysis:Geography for Predictive Models.

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21. IEEE Explore, Guiyun Zhou; Jiayuan Lin; Wenfeng Zheng, 2012, A web-based geographical information system for crime mapping and decision support. 

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22. ScienceDirect, Pei-Fen Kuo a, Dominique Lord a, Troy Duane Walden b, Using geographical information systems to organize police patrol routes effectively by grouping hotspots of crash and crime data.

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23. Scientific Research, Toju Francis Balogun, Henry Okeke, Christain Ifanyin Chukwukere, 2014, Crime Mapping in Nigeria Using GIS

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24. Taylor&Francis Online, 2010, April Pattavina, Glenn Pierce, Alan Saiz, Urban Neighborhood Information Systems: Crime Prevention and Control Applications

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25. Home (2024) National Policing Institute. 

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26. Places data curated for Accurate Geospatial Analytics (no date) SafeGraph.